AUTHOR ZHANG ZHONG-JING'S PREFACE

ZJ
AUTHOR'S

Mitchell et al mistranslated the first line.

Shinjiro's Note:

Lin Yi* wrote in his preface of the Song Text that “We could not find the name of Zhang Zhong-jing** in the official records of the Han Dynasty. In the Ming Yi Bie Lu***, we find his name. It says, “Born in Nan-yang, Given name was Ji. Zhong-jing was the name after his attainment of the manhood. Became a bureaucrat by recommendation and performed as the Governor of Zhang-sha Province. He learned Medicine from Zhang Bo-zu in his province. A contemporary remarked that he was very precise when applying his knowledge and (as a doctor he was) superior to his master.

      *: Lin Yi: One of compilers of the Song Woodblock Shang-han Lun.

  **: Zhang Zhong-jing: In the beginning of each chapter of the Song Text, it is written "Zhang Zhong-jing(張仲景) wrote,” and the end of the author’s preface, it is written “Zhang Ji (張機) wrote.”

***: The Ming Yi Bie Lu (Famous Physicians’ Separate Records) Written by Tao Hong-jing (456-536).

How could the name of the Governor of one province be missed from the official records?

In the preface of Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Acupuncture and Moxibustion ABC Text)*, the compiler Huang Fu-mi** describes an episode involving Zhang Zhong-jing.

*, **: Huang Fu-mi: 214-282: Author of Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Yellow Emperor���s Acupuncture and Moxibustion ABC Text)

Once Zhong-jing told the poet Wan Zhong-xuan* at the time Zhong-xuan was twenty some years old, “when you become 40 years old your eyebrows will fall off and you will die a half year later. You have to take Wu Shi Tang (Five Stones Decoction)**. Zhong-xuan did not believe Zhong-jing’s words and did not take the medicine. Three days later, they met again, and Zhong-jing asked if Zhong-xuan started to take the medicine. Zhong-xuan answered yes. Zhong-jing could diagnose from Zhong-xuan’s complexion that he was not taking the medicine. “Why do you make light of your life? Zhong-xuan did not answer. 20 years later, Zhong-xuan lost his eyebrows and he died 187 days later.”

Huang Fu-mi was a contemporary of Zhang Zhong-jing, and this poet, Wan Zhong-xuan was a real person.

*: Wan Zhong-xuan: Poet.

**: Wu Shi Tang (Five Stones Decoction): A decoction with non herbal ingredients suggests that Zhong-jing might be influence by the Daoism.

Shinjiro's Notes will be numbered and listed at the end.

Shang-han Zu-bing Lun Zhu1

The treatise says2, whenever I read about the diagnosis of Yue-ren3 when he entered the country of Guo4, and when he saw Lord Qis complexion5, even today I cannot stop admiring his excellent talent6. I wonder if contemporary gentlemen ever pay attention to medicine and medications and study medical practice in detail, to treat the illness of their lords and parents, who are ranked above them, or to help the misfortune of the poor, who are ranked below them, or to keep their own health to live longer, those who are ranked center. Simply, they do not take care of their life. They just compete with each other to obtain luxury and power, chasing men of power and splendor. Trying diligently to run after fame and fortune, they decorate their surface and throw away their roots. Thus, their exteriors flourish, but their interiors are wilted. If there is no skin, where should hair grow? When they are attacked by Qi of Evil Wind suddenly, and suffer from a not-ordinary illness, this illness and misfortune make them shudder. Then they distort their will and integrity and eagerly beg the help of a Shaman. When they are told of an emergency, they put the blame on heaven and accept defeat, folding their arms. Even though they are offered a hundred years life span, and own very precious treasures, they entrust a mediocre doctor and let him do whatever he wants. Oh my, oh my. Their bodies already have fallen on the ground and their spirits have faded away. Their corpses have changed into foreign substances. They sneaked into Hades secretly and cry in vain. What a sad thing. The whole world is in confusion. No one understands the truth. No one sets great value on life, and all make light of life. How they could mention their glory.

Moreover, they cannot love and know people. That means they cannot love and know themselves. Meeting with accident and calamity, they are in a land of misfortune. What ignorance. They are as foolish as departed souls. How sad it is. The influential figures enjoy the life of the floating flower, do not pay attention to the root, forgetting their own health and chasing material wealth. They have come to this point, where it is as dangerous as the edge of an icy valley. 

My family members were initially numerous. Before, they were more than two hundred. Since the first year of the Jian-an era7, it is only less than ten years ago, two in three died. Seven out of ten suffered from Shang-han. Shocked by this downfall of the old family members8, feeling the pain from being unable to help dying young family members, I collected classic teachings diligently, and gathered folk medicine widely. Adopting Su-wen9, Jiu Quan10, Ba-shi-yi Nan11, Yin-yang Da-lun12, Tai-lu Yao Lu13, and Ping Mai Bian-zheng14, I edited a total of sixteen volumes of the Harmful Cold Miscellaneous Disease Treatises15. Still this book does not cover the curing all of diseases, but I pray and hope that it helps to examine diseases, and to find the sources of diseases. If the reader refers to the contents of this book, which I collected, he or she will be convinced16.

As Heaven spreads the Five Circulations (Wu-xing)17, ten thousand things run. Human beings get the Five Constancies (Wu-chang)18, thus Five Zang-organs exist. Warp-Choroids (jing-luo)19, Fu-organs and acupuncture points (shu), Meeting (hui) and Communicating (tong) of Yin and Yang, all those are subtle and profound, thus it is hard to discern the changes. If one is not highly gifted, and does not have superb knowledge, how could he/she obtain the truth? In ancient times, Shen-non, Huang-di, Qi Bo20, Bo Gao, Lei Gong, Xiao Yu, Xiao Shi, and Zhong Wen existed. In the medieval age, Zhang Sang21, and Bian Que existed. In the Han era, Gong-cheng Yang-qing22, and Cang-gong23 existed. After that, until today, I have not heard anyone superior to them.

Today, when we observe doctors, we find them not thinking the meanings of the classics and to practice what they find in the classics, but practicing their family technique. Hence, they always follow old customs, asking about the illness from the patient, and having a glib tongue. They spend a blink of time with a patient, and dispense a decoction. They palpate Cun pulse24, but not Chi pulse. They hold the patients hand, but not their foot. They do not compare Ren-ying (St 9) pulse25, Fu-yang (St 41) pulse, and three position pulses. When they check movement, speed, the beginning and ending of the pulse, they do not count 50 beats of the pulse. It is too short to decide diagnosis. Thus, the pulses of the nine positions do not look alike. They do not observe the forehead and between the eyebrows of the patient at all. It is as if seeing the world through a tube. It is very difficult to be able to distinguish life from death while examining death. Confucius26 once said, “the person who knows everything from birth is superior. The person who studied is the second. The person who is well informed and knows everything is the last27. I have been respecting (and studying) medical techniques very much, and hope to fulfill these words of Confucius28 (and become like the last type of person). 

Governor of Zhang-sha29, Han Dynasty30, at Nan-yang31, Zhang Ji wrote this31,32.

 

SHINJIRO’S NOTES:

1: Shang-han Zu-bing Lun Zhu: Collections of Catechisms on the Harmful Cold Acute Diseases:

Zu-bing: Acute disease: Some consider this letterzu was a miscopied letter, “za (miscellaneous),” because there is a record of the title of a book, Shan-han Za-bing Lun. Even so, this title, Shan-han Za-bing Lun, was used when the Shang-han Lun was combined into one book with the Jing-gui Yao-lue (golden casket summery) . The Jing-gui Yao-lue covers miscellaneous diseases.

2: The treatise says: This phrase should be ignored. Maybe someones notes got mixed into the original text while being copied. 

3: Yue-ren: a.k.a. Bian-que: Physician in the fifth century BC:

Mitchell et al mistranslates, “Each time I read about Yue-Ren entering [the Kingdom of] Guo to examine [patients] and inspect the complexion of the Marquis of Qi.”

See the next page, BIAN-QUE.

4, 5: See the next page, BIAN-QUE. 

6: I cannot stop admiring his excellent talent: Taki Genkan says this phrase appears in the Huai-nan-zi (in the Han Dynasty era), Shuo Lin Xun (a lesson from persuasion in the bush). It says, “Whenever Confucius reads Yi (divination) and obtains the augury of loss and profit, he never could stop heaving a sigh in a rage.” In the Chinese classics, when the author uses a phrase from another classic, we are expected to read the phrase with the same meaning of the original sentence.

7: Jian-an era: 196-216.

8: Shocked by this downfall of the old family members: When Mitchell et al translates this phase asLamenting the fall of [our glorious] past,” they ignore the construction of the sentence. According to Nagasawa Moto-o, this phrase pairs with the following phrase, “feeling the pain from being unable to help dying young family members.” Thus, the wordpast actually meansour elderly family members.” 

9: Su-wen: Elementary Questions: A part of the Yellow Emperors Inner Classic.

10: Jiu Quan: Nine Volumes: a.k.a. Ling Shu (Miraculous Pivot): A part of the Yellow Emperors Inner Classic.

11: Ba-shi-yi Nan: Eighty-One Difficulties: a.k.a. Nan Jing. Some believe it was written by Bian-que.

12: Yin-yang Da-lun: Great Theory of Yin and Yang: Lost. Partially restored in the Song Version Shang-han Lun.

13: Tai-lu Yao Lu: Records of Enumerated Medicine: Lost. 

14:Ping Mai Bian-zheng: Normal Pulse Differentiation: See the Song Version Shang-han Lun, Vol.1 Chapter 2.

15: Sixteen volumes of the Harmful Cold Miscellaneous Disease Treatises: This is the original form of the Shang-han Lun, combined with Jing Gui Yao Lue. The first part, the Shang-han Zu-bing Lun, itself, is composed of ten volumes. 

16: “He/she will be convinced”: According to Taki Genkans Shang-han Lun Shu-gi (Collected Discussions on the Shag-han Lun, 1822), this sentence appears in the Xia Ji Ci of the Yi Jing.

17: Wu-xing: Five Circulations: Wiseman chosefive phases and Maciocia chosefive elements for this word. The original meaning ofxing isto walk”, andto go, and in the later generation, “to circulate.”  I believe this wordxing in the context ofwu xing has an almost equivalent meaning oftao (way)” in the action. The phrase “wu-xing” first appears in the Shu-jing (Written Classic) in the West Zhou Dynasty (1030 – 221 B.C.). The Shu-jing teaches the way of the heaven and human duties. It starts “The heaven presented us the nine categories of the law. The first category is Five Agents (Wu-xing); namely, Water, Fire, Wood, Metal, and Earth. The nature of Water is to moisten an descend; of Fire, to burn and assend,; of Wood, to be crooked and straight; of Metal, to yield and to be modified; of Earth, to provide of sowing and reaping. That which moistens and descends produces saltiness…” (A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, Translated and compiled by Wind-Tsit Chan, 1963)

At this point, “xing” doesn’t mean “to circulate.” In the Early Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-24 A.D.), Confusion philosopher, Dong Zhong-shu (179?-104? B.C.) made this Wu-xing concept a view of the world in his Chun Qiu Fan Lu (Exuberating Dew in the Spring and Fall). He created “mutual production,” and “mutual subjugation” cycles.

Ban-gu (32-92 AD) of the Later Han Dynasty said, “Heaven circulates Qi (wei tian xing qi)” in his Bai-hu Tong. For instance, circulating money isxing huo.”

18: Wu-chang: Five Constancies: Liu says, “It is Five Circulations,” but he is wrong. TCM ignores this concept of the Five Constancies. They are: Ren (human justice), Yi (obligation), Li (courtesy), Zhi (wisdom), and Xin (belief).

By the way, my name Shin-ji-ro stands forxin (belief)” withthe second son,” meaningBelieve in the second son!”.

19: Warp-Choroid: jing-luo: Habitually translated as “meridian,” “channel,” or “vessel.” The word “jing” means “a warp of a loom,” and “luo” means “a connecting branch tube.”

20: Qi Bo, Bo Gao, Lei Gong, Xiao Yu,  Xiao Shi, Zhong Wen: Doctors who appear in the Yellow Emperors Inner Classic, except Zhong Wen.

Some believe they were the medical sects with their own medical theories and techniques in ancient China. The Yellow Inner Classic is a collection of the theories and techniques of these sects.

21: Zhang Sang: Zhang Sang-jun: Teacher of Bian Que.

22: Gong-cheng Yang-qing: “Gong-cheng is the name of a bureaucratic rank: Teacher of Can-gong.

23: Cang-gong: Storehouse man: a.k.a. Chun-yu Yi: 205-?: Physician of the west Han Dynasty: He was the Storehouse man, too. His biography is in the Shi Ji by Sima Qian.

24: Cun pulse, but not Chi pulse: Two of three pulse positions on the wrist.

25: Ren-ying (St 9) pulse, Fu-yang (St 41) pulse: Both on the Stomach Meridian showing the health of Stomach Qi.

26: Confucius: BC 552-BC 479: a.k.a. Kong-zi (Ko-shi in Japanese): His words are collected in the Lun Yu (Discussing Words). His ideas and logic dominated the minds of the people of East Asia in the feudal age.

27: According to Taki Genkans Shang-han Lun Shu-gi, this sentence appears in the Ji Shi Chapter of the Lun Yu by Confucius.

28: “I hope to fulfill these words”: According to Taki Genkans Shang-han Lun Shu-gi, this sentence appears in the Yan-yuan Chapter of the Lun Yu by Confucius.

29: Zhang-sha: Capital of Hunan province today. 

30: Han Dynasty: Later Han AC 25- 220:

31: Nan-yang: Henan province:

32: Governor of Zhang-sha, Han Dynasty, at Nan-yang, Zhang Ji wrote: Some versions do not have this phrase. None of the official records kept this name as the governor of Zhang-sha.

 

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